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Leon F. Litwack (born December 2, 1929 in Santa Barbara, California) is an American historian whose scholarship focuses on slavery, the Reconstruction Era of the United States, and its aftermath into the 20th century. He won a National Book Award,〔 the Pulitzer Prize for History,〔 and the Francis Parkman Prize for his 1979 book ''Been In the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery''. He also received a Guggenheim Fellowship. After the spring 2007 semester he retired to emeritus status at the University of California Berkeley, where he received the Golden Apple Award for Outstanding Teaching that year. Then he went on a lecture tour that led to his latest book, ''How Free Is Free?: The Long Death of Jim Crow'' (2009). ==Biography== Litwack was born in California in 1929, and received his B.A. in 1951 and Ph.D. in 1958 from the University of California, Berkeley. He has taught at the University of Wisconsin, University of South Carolina, and Colorado College. Litwack's interest in history was sparked by ''The Growth of the American Republic'', by Samuel Eliot Morison and Henry Steele Commager (1930). Litwack said, "The textbook was my first confrontation with history. I asked my 11th grade teacher for the opportunity to respond to the textbook’s version of Reconstruction, to what I thought were distortions and racial biases. (I had already read Howard Fast’s ''Freedom Road''.) The research led me to the library—and to W. E. B. Du Bois’s ''Black Reconstruction'', with that intriguing subtitle: ''An Essay Toward a History of the Part which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880.'' Armed with that book, I presented what I thought to be a persuasive rebuttal of the textbook."〔("Interview with Leon F. Litwack" ). Conducted by Roy Rosenzweig; completed January 2001. ''History Matters: The U.S. Survey Course on the Web''. George Mason University.〕 Historian Michael Les Benedict wrote that in 1961 "Leon Litwack showed how the federal government's pervasive support for slavery led to shameful treatment of free African Americans." Benedict was referring to pages 30–63 of chapter 2, titled "The Federal Government and the Free Negro" in Litwack's book, ''North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790-1860''.〔("Don E. Fehrenbacher, ''The Slaveholding Republic: An Account of the United States Government's Relations to Slavery'' ). Review by Michael Les Benedict. H-Law, March 2002. H-Net Reviews.〕 In 1964-2007 Litwack taught at the University of California in Berkeley, where he became the Alexander F. and May T. Morrison Professor of American History, instructing more than 30,000 students.〔 For much of that time he taught the introductory course in post-Civil War American History. He gave his final lecture as a professor, "Fight the Power", on Monday, May 7, 2007 in Wheeler Auditorium.〔("Popular professor and esteemed historian to deliver last lecture" ). Janet Gilmore, Media Relations, April 30, 2007. UCBerkeleyNews.〕 Litwack was elected to the presidency of the Organization of American Historians. An enormously popular and influential teacher, he was profiled in Newsweek's 2006 edition of the "Giving Back Awards", having been nominated by one of his former students.〔(Reader's Choice | Newsweek.com ). 〕 He has received two distinguished teaching awards.〔 Litwack was presented with the Golden Apple Award for Outstanding Teaching in 2007 by the ASUC at the University of California, Berkeley.〔("Students adore retiring historian" ). Yasmin Anwar, Media Relations, March 21, 2007. UCBerkeleyNews.〕 With a (National Endowment for the Humanities) NEH Film Grant, he produced ''To Look for America'' in 1971. ''Been in the Storm So Long'' was a groundbreaking book on Reconstruction, published in 1979. It won the annual Pulitzer Prize for History〔 and Francis Parkman Prize; next year its first paperback edition won a National Book Award.〔〔 This was the 1981 award for paperback History. From 1980 to 1983 in National Book Award history there were dual hardcover and paperback awards in most categories, and several nonfiction subcategories including General Nonfiction. Most of the paperback award-winners were reprints, including this one.〕 Years later he continued the investigation of race relations to the early 20th century with ''Trouble in Mind'' (1998). In turn, the sequel to ''Trouble''〔(sequel ). 〕 is ''How Free Is Free?: The Long Death of Jim Crow (The Nathan I. Huggins Lectures)'', which focuses on black southerners and race relations from the 1930s to 1955. A distinguished lecturer with the Organization of American Historians, Litwack lectures on these topics: * Pearl Harbor Blues: Black Americans and World War II * Trouble in Mind: African Americans and Race Reflections from Reconstruction to the Civil Rights Movement * On Becoming a Historian * To Look for America: From Hiroshima to Woodstock (an impressionistic multi-media examination of American society, with an introductory lecture on American society after 1945) * Fight the Power: Black Americans and Race Relations after the Civil Rights Movement 〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Leon Litwack」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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